Other examples of the modular organization of plasmids include the frequent close association of plasmid replication and maintenance cassettes and the clustering of genes for conjugation functions in specific plasmid regions. Over time, common control cir­cuits have developed in some plasmids that coordinate these core activities of replica­tion, maintenance, and transfer (74). The continued molecular dissection of plasmids, both at the genomic level and in finer detail concerning the molecular function of spe­cific systems, will undoubtedly prove as exciting and informative in the immediate future as the analysis of these versatile elements has proven in the last half century.


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